The first tourist flight into space is scheduled for next year, and it's cheaper than you'd think. But is this the final frontier for luxury travel, or a highly dangerous sport?
At the west end of Pall Mall, among London's most venerable and old-fashioned gentlemen's clubs, a smart new office opened its doors to the public earlier this year. Its front window proclaims, in large letters, the simple motto: "Space is Virgin Territory". Here, amid the trappings of the past, is travel's future.
Inside the office, young men and women are busy working at computers and telephones while decorators put finishing touches to plush, glass-partitioned rooms. These are the new UK headquarters of Virgin Galactic, which Richard Branson hopes will create an entirely new tourism market – in outer space. In one room, a photograph of the Earth covers two walls. In another, there are huge pictures of the company's spacecraft taking off and landing at its launch base in New Mexico.
"Things are going incredibly well," says Stephen Attenborough, Virgin Galactic's commercial director. "These are computer graphics images, but next year we hope to replace them with photographs of the real thing: our first commercial flights into outer space."
It has cost Branson more than £162m to design and build a fleet of WhiteKnightTwo motherships and smaller SpaceShipTwo planes, which will whisk customers more than 100km above the Earth's surface, where our planet's atmosphere ends and space begins. The technology is striking and innovative.
Strapped to the belly of a jet-powered mothership, each spaceplane – carrying two pilots and six passengers – will take off from a runway, ascending until it reaches an altitude of 15km. There will be a stomach-churning lurch as the spaceplane is released; its rocket engine will ignite; and passengers will be rammed back in their seats as the craft soars upwards at a speed of more than 4,000km/h. Outside, the blue sky will turn black as the craft hurtles out of the atmosphere.
After 90 seconds, the pilot will cut the engine and passengers will coast in weightless silence as their spaceplane glides into space. More than 100km below, the curve of the Earth will be clearly visible against the dark background of space. Passengers will have six or seven minutes to float round the cabin and indulge in an ecstasy of camera-clicking before their ship starts to arc downwards. Its stubby wings will then be pointed upwards to turn the craft into a giant shuttlecock that will "flutter" back to Earth. Back down at an altitude of around 15km, its wings will be returned to their original configuration and the craft will glide to an airport landing. The day of the space tourist will have arrived.
Among those booked on Virgin Galactic's first mission are Branson, his son Sam and daughter Holly. Angelina Jolie is scheduled for an early flight, as is her partner, Brad Pitt. Others booking the £125,000 journey include Ashton Kutcher, Formula 1 drivers Rubens Barrichello and Niki Lauda, and scientists James Lovelock and Stephen Hawking; Princess Beatrice and Paris Hilton also make appearances on early flight schedules.
Virgin Galactic – which Branson describes as "by far and away my boldest venture" – has so far received more than £64m in deposits from 520 customers who want to escape the surly bonds of Earth, albeit for a very short period of time. First flights are scheduled for the end of 2013, a date that puts Virgin Galactic in pole position in the race to commercialise space. But Branson is not without competition, as will be apparent this week in London when delegates gather for the third European conference on space tourism. The event will reveal the startling progress that has been made in an industry that only existed in science-fiction writers' minds a couple of decades ago.
For example, Andrew Nelson, CEO of the aerospace consortium XCOR, based in Mojave, California, is billed to report on the progress of his Lynx spacecraft. It is designed to take off and land like a plane. In terms of scale it is a relative minnow compared with Virgin Galactic's craft: Lynx has room for just a pilot and one passenger. On the other hand, its order book, filled with £34m-worth of flights, is every bit as impressive. Trials are set to start this year with commercial launches in 2014. "We remain focused on delivering the coolest rocket plane on the planet," Nelson said earlier this year when he announced the raising of funding for the final stages of Lynx's development.
Others touting for space tourism business include Armadillo Aerospace, based in Texas, which is developing a vertical take-off rocket to carry customers on sub-orbital and, later on, full orbital flights. The Russian company Orbital Technologies made headlines last year when it revealed plans to construct a Hotel in the Heavens. In this orbiting, four-room guest house, customers will be able to cavort in zero gravity for several days – though at a price: £500,000 for a seat on the Soyuz rocket to take them into orbit and a further £100,000 for a five-night stay. Food will be microwaved, there will be no alcohol and the water will be recycled. On the other hand, the views will be out of this world.
A key common factor for these projects is the price-tag: steep but not prohibitive. It costs around £30,000 to £75,000 to make an attempt to climb Mount Everest, for example, and it is no coincidence that flights by Virgin Galactic and XCOR are priced only slightly higher – to capture the high-adventure tourism market dominated by the man and woman with the Breitling watch and the six-figure salary.
This is scarcely bringing spaceflight to the masses, of course, but it will make it more available than has previously been the case. To date only seven people, all billionaires, have bought their way into space for a week's stay at the International Space Station (ISS). The most recent of these was Guy Laliberté, the Canadian founder of Cirque du Soleil, who paid £22m for a flight in which he gave interviews from the ISS about the world's impending freshwater crisis before donning a clown's red nose for his descent to Earth in a Soyuz capsule.
Richard Branson, Andrew Nelson and other entrepreneurs are at least bringing the cost of travelling outside the atmosphere within the means of a far greater number of potential customers. Indeed, the idea of space tourism is already becoming commonplace, says one of the organisers of this week's conference, Pat Norris of Logica. "We had our first conference in 2006. It had a very speculative feel. This was a new industry, after all. Three years later, major investments had been made and we really felt we were going places. Now we are moving on from issues of engineering and are concentrating on sales and revenues. We are open for business." One delegate – Erick Morazin of Allianz Global Assistance – will even outline how those who want to be blasted into space might get travel insurance for their journey.
There is a real feeling of change. "We are aiming to transform an activity that has been in the sole control of governments for more than 50 years, which has been incredibly expensive and relatively dangerous," says Stephen Attenborough. "There is a big gap between what has been done before and what we are going to do."
This revolution has certainly been a long time coming. In the late 60s, during the Apollo programme, getting into orbit looked as though it would become part of life in only a few years. But the dream died as governments struggled to balance the slackening need to put humans in space with the soaring costs of doing so safely. Now it is being rejuvenated by private enterprise. But what has changed? What transforming events have occurred recently to bring us to the dawn of mass space travel?
Analysts point to several factors, a key being US entrepreneur Peter Diamandis establishing in 1996 the $10m Ansari X-Prize, which was offered to the builders of the first privately financed spacecraft to make sub-orbital flights. "I got the idea from reading Charles Lindbergh's story of how he flew across the Atlantic in the Spirit of St Louis in 1927," Diamandis says. "Lindbergh made his epic flight to win a $25,000 competition and in doing so opened up the skies to international flight." It was time to do the same for space, says Diamandis, who decreed that a spacecraft could only win if it was piloted by a human, could carry three astronauts and was flown twice within the space of 14 days.
Within months, scores of inventors and designers had announced their plans. Trials took place over the next few years until, in 2004, the prize was won by US aircraft designer Burt Rutan. On 29 September, his SpaceShipOne – powered by burning nitrous oxide and solid rubber – was flown to an altitude of more than 100km above the Mojave desert. A few days later, the craft repeated the trick. Rutan scooped the pot with his design: a small spaceplane is carried to high altitude by a jet-powered mothership before it is dropped and then burns a solid-fuel rocket engine to blast itself into space. The technology was snapped up by Branson, who had already created the name Virgin Galactic and was looking for the right system to democratise space travel. "Essentially, we will use a version of Rutan's design, expanded to accommodate eight, rather than three people," says Attenborough.
There has been another critical factor involved in bringing private space travel to fruition, however: the rise of the billionaire technocrat. Many of today's wealthiest individuals come from the computer or dotcom industries and virtually all the companies jostling to dominate the space tourism market have been backed, in some way, by men who have made their fortunes this way. The development of Burt Rutan's spaceships was backed by Microsoft's cofounder, Paul Allen, for example. Similarly, John Carmack, who made his fortune writing computer games, including Doom and Quake, has put his money into Armadillo Aerospace, which hopes to make manned flights in the near future.
And then there is Elon Musk, who sold the PayPal internet payments company to eBay for £1bn and has set up SpaceX, his own LA rocket company. Last month, SpaceX became the first private space outfit to send a capsule to the International Space Station. The robot spacecraft, Dragon, was carrying 1,000lb of cargo, for the station's crew. "You had to have some kind of pre-boom to supply the capital to get the rocket boom going, and that only happened with personal computers and the internet," he explains.
Thus it has been the geeks with the bucks who have opened up travel to outer space. It remains to be seen how successful their endeavours will be – and how risky. Certainly safety remains a controversial topic with some critics, including the astronomer royal, Martin Rees, who objects to these ventures being dubbed "space tourism". "The phrase lulls people into believing that such ventures are routine and low-risk," says Rees. "And if that's the perception, the inevitable accidents will be as traumatic as those of the Space Shuttle. Instead, these cut-price ventures must be regarded as dangerous sports."
This point is rejected by Virgin Galactic's Stephen Attenborough. "Part of the problem with manned spaceships in the past has been that they have been too complex," he says. "We have a very limited number of critical systems on which the safety of our craft depend, so it is not hard to build in redundancy. And the test flight programmes will have been exhaustive by the time we are ready for our first launches next year.
